Good Questions (Java)

What are the limitations with regard to Java Reflection in EJB?

In general Java Reflection is allowed in EJB, only those apis which inspect the private or protected variables are disallowed.

How to access a singleton class?

There should be static method which gives the instance of the singleton class. Call that static method which gives you the instance .Once you have instance you can call the methods in that class. The static method which is giving object is take care of single instance of the object.

What is the ResourceBundle class?

The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to tailor the program’s appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.

In Java collections HashMap or HashSet, to use as a key, will you prefer a mutable object or immutable object? and why do you prefer?

Hash value is used in identifying objects in Hash collections, to be 100% accurate all the time the hash value should not change. So immutable objects are a perfect solution for this.

Is there any advantage in extending Thread class rather than implementing Runnable interface?

when there is a need to run multiple threads with their own instance variables extending threads makes sensible. Wherein implementing runnable makes sense in single execution models.

what are the differences between UDP and TCP?

UDP (user datagram protocol), is a connectionless protocol.
each time you send datagrams, you also need to send the local socket descriptor and the receiving socket’s addressTCP is a connection-oriented protocol. a connection must first be established between the pair of sockets.

While one of the sockets listens for a connection request (server), the other asks for a connection (client).

Once two sockets have been connected, they can be used to transmit data in both (or either one of the) directions

How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?

It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.

Int vs Integer which one is mutable and which is immutable?

int is mutable Integer is immutable

Can an interface be declared final? If yes how and if no why?

1. Interfaces cannot be declared final.

2. Interfaces are meant to be implemented,they dont have any code implemented within them.

3. They cannot be instantiated.

In java thread creation models Runnable and Thread, Which one is better why?

By implementing Runnable interface we are free to extend any other class and implement any other interfaces. This gives a strong advantage incase of Runnable interface.

What are the differences between Vector and ArrayList? Which is best to use? ArrayList is faster and also it occupies less memory space whereas vector takes more memory space.

Vector is a synchronized object, while ArrayList is not iterator that are returned by both classes are fail-fast, but the Enumeration returned by Vector are not .

Can you tell some immutable classes in java?

1. The main immutable class is String.

2. Basic numeric classes like Integer, Long, Float, BigInteger and BigDecimal are immutable classes.

Difference between interface and abstract class?

If you know the generic method which you are going to use in all subclasses then implement it in abstract class and leave remaining unknown implementation methods as just declare in the abstract class so the sub classes are going to implement based on their business logic.

More clearly :

Let’s discuss what Interfaces and Abstract Classes are all about to understand the differences between the two more clearly and completely.

Interface: Java Interfaces are equivalent to protocols. They basically represent an agreed-upon behavior to facilitate interaction between unrelated objects. For example, the buttons on a Remote Controller form the interface for outside world to interact with TV. How this interface is implemented by different vendors is not specified and you’re hardly aware of or bothered about how these buttons have been implemented to work internally. Interface is plainly a contract between the producer and the consumer. How the producer implements the exposed behavior is normally not cared by the consumer.

In Java, an Interface is normally a group of methods with empty bodies. You can have constant declarations in a Java Interface as well. A class that implements the interface agrees to the exposed behavior by implementing all the methods of the interface.

interface TVRemoteController{
void power();
void setChannel(int channelNumber);
void upChannel();
void downChannel();
void upVolume();
void downVolume();
……
}

A sample implementation of this interface by a vendor, say Sony:

public class SonyTVRemoteController implements TVRemoteController{
/*…this class can have other methods, properties as well …*/
……
void power(){
//implementation of power() method of the interface
}
void setChannel(int channelNumber){
//implementation of setChannel(int) method of the interface
}
//similarly, implementation of other methods of the interface
……
}

Implementing an interface means the class will support at least the exposed behavior. It can definitely add any number of extra behaviors/properties for its clients. That’s why few Remote Controllers have hell lot of buttons :-)

Abstract Class: In Java, abstract class is a class which has been declared ‘abstract’. By declaring ‘abstract’ we ensure that the class can’t be instantiated. Why to have such a class then? Because, you would not be having implementation of all the methods in that class and you need to leave it to the subclass to decide how to implement them. In this case, there is no point instantiating an incomplete class.

An abstract method is a method which doesn’t have any implementation. If a class has even a single abstract method, then you got to declare the class ‘abstract’. Though, you don’t need to have at least one abstract method to declare a class abstract. You can declare a complete class as ‘abstract’ as well. This practice is seldom used. One possible reason may be that you never want your clients to instantiate your class directly even though you’ve already provided default implementation of all the methods. Strange! Yeah… it is. The designer of such a class may like to provide the default implementation of at least one method just to serve as a template (and not the actual implementation) for the client and thus making the class incomplete. So, a client first needs to subclass and implement the method(s) by overriding them. Now the subclass will be a concrete/complete class. Does it make some sense? Okay… Let me try to give another example. Think of a hypothetical situation, where you need to design a class, which will have ‘n’ methods and ‘n’ clients, where every single client wants default implementation of ‘n-1’ methods and it needs to implement only one (unique to every client) of the methods. In such a situation, you may not like to declare any of the methods ‘abstract’ as it’ll be required to be a non-complete method only for one of the clients and a complete implementation for other ‘n-1’ clients. If you declare it ‘abstract’ then every client will need to implement it and you’ll end up getting ‘n-1’ same piece of code. On the other hand, if you don’t declare ‘abstract’ then you simply need to override this method in corresponding sub class. Since, the base class is incomplete in all the ‘n’ cases. Assuming that this class will have only these many forms of usage, you’ll never require having an instance of it. That’s why you would declare it ‘abstract’. Confused? Read this paragraph once more [:-)]

public abstract class SampleAbstractClass{
//…fields
……
//…non-abstract methods, if any
……
//…abstract method, if any J
abstract void sampleAbstractMethod(); //… ends with ‘;’
}

public class SubClassOfSampleAbstractClass extends SampleAbstractClass{
//… fields, and non-abstract methods (if any)
……
//…implementation of the abstract method
void sampleAbstractMethod(){
……
}
}

Difference between Interfaces and Abstract Classes: From the language perspective, there are several differences, few of them are:-

* An abstract class may contain fields, which are not ‘static’ and ‘final’ as is the case with interfaces.
* It may have few (or all) implemented methods as well, whereas Interfaces can’t have any implementation code. All the methods of an interface are by default ‘abstract’. Methods/Members of an abstract class may have any visibility: public, protected, private, none (package). But, those of an interface can have only one type of visibility: public.
* An abstract class automatically inherits the Object class and thereby includes methods like clone(), equals(), etc. There is no such thing with an interface. Likewise, an abstract class can have a constructor, but an interface can’t have one…
* Another very famous difference is that Interfaces are used to implement multiple inheritance in Java as a class in Java can explicitly have only one super class, but it can implement any number of interfaces… blah blah… :-)

From the performance perspective, the different is that Interfaces may be little slower as they require extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class. Though, modern JVMs have already made that difference very little.

If you want to add a new method to an interface, then you either need to track all the classes implementing that interface or you’ll extend that interface to make a new interface having that extra method(s). In case of an abstract class, you’ll simply add the default implementation of that method and all the code will continue to work.

Many differences are listed already, but the main difference lies in the usage of the two. They are not rivals, but in most of the cases they are complimentary. We need to understand when to use what.

When to use an Interface: it asks you to start everything from scratch. You need to provide implementation of all the methods. So, you should use it to define the contract, which you’re unsure of how the different vendors/producers will implement. So, you can say that Interfaces can be used to enforce certain standards.

When to use an Abstract Class: it is used mostly when you’ve partial implementation ready with you, but not the complete. So, you may declare the incomplete methods as ‘abstract’ and leave it to the clients to implement it the way they actually want. Not all the details can be concrete at the base class level or different clients may like to implement the method differently.

When to use both: if you want to implement multiple inheritance where you have the luxury of providing partial implementation as well. You’ll then put all that code in an abstract class (this can be a concrete class as well… but here we assume that the class is also only partially implemented and hence an abstract class), extend that class, and implement as may interfaces as you want.

If you don’t know any method implementation at that time declaration then go for interface.

*

Abstract class may contain some fully implemented methods, but in interface one has to implement every method.
*

A class gets the ability to implement multiple interfaces but only one abstract class.

What are the differences between HashMap and Hashtable?

Both provide key-value access to data Access to the Hashtable is synchronized on the table while access to the HashMap isn’t.

Iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isn’t.

If you change the map while iterating, you’ll know.

And, a third difference is that HashMap permits null values in it, while Hashtable doesn’t. Also Map allows you to iterate over keys, values, or key-value pairs; Hashtable did not provide the third option.

http://ajai.wordpress.com/2006/07/08/some-java-interview-questions/